In istructions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

In istructions - Assignment Example The fallacy outlined in the video makes the audience to ask themselves if it is about greed or if it about the demand and the supply. Food production is not only due to greed portrayed by the producers. There are various industries where one can make many revenues and experience a less risk compared to agriculture. What the population need is the demand for cheap food where they are expensive or cheap during the production. After watching the movie, there is little likelihood for the audience to change their eating habits. This is because majority of audience believe that there is nothing wrong in eating meat. Rather they ought to buy organic meat and stop backing the fast food companies. They have always continued making organic burgers rather than one sold at McDonalds ("The Official Meatrix I."Â  n.d). I do agree with the response based on the authenticity of the website in creating awareness on the factory farms. The video failed in providing facts that supports the allegations outlined in the video. This poses questions on the validity of the information and outcomes depicted in the video. It is true that the information presented in the video, will bring forth questions between the researchers and those believing that the video’s theme is true. I fail to agree on the response on the rural living and rural farm. This is because there is not standard guideline governing the plan and setting of farm. It is true that most of the produce in groceries is not what is found on farms. This poses as one of the reasons of why I support the response. Just as stated in the response, I believe there are fallacies and agree with notion of how animals are treated before coming up with the products. Additionally, there was a misconception when the video stated those big and large farms are replacing the little one because of greed. It is common knowledge

Is3440 Project Part 1 Essay Example for Free

Is3440 Project Part 1 Essay First World Savings and Loan is a financial institution that processes credit card transactions and loan applications online. We are currently considering implementing an open source infrastructure. This could potentially save us over $4,000,000 per year in licensing fees for the software we are currently using. However, due to our business needs; we must still comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS), and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). We must comply with SOX, because we are a publicly-traded financial institution; PCI-DSS, because we process online credit card transactions; and GLBA, because we are a financial institution. All of the regulations of these three compliancy laws must be met, while still maintaining the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) triad. All security requirements for SOX, PCI-DSS, and GLBA can be achieved using Linux and open source infrastructure. Some examples of open source software that we might use are: Web Server Apache Web Filtering DansGuardian Network Firewall Turtle Firewall VPN Endian Firewall Community IDS/IPS Suricata Database MySQL File Server Samba SMTP Server hMailServer I would recommend that we use a Defense in Depth strategy, having multiple layers of access protection. We need to have an IDS/IPS on both sides of our edge firewall. The inside IDS/IPS will be used as additional protection for our network and the outside IDS/IPS will serve as an early warning system from attacks. We will also use the outside IDS/IPS for additional protection and to monitor what types of attacks are occurring. Our web server and mail server should be completely separated from the rest of our network in a de-militarized zone (DMZ). We need to have a network firewall between our DMZ and our internal network, bet ween the outside world and our internal network, and between our DMZ and the outside world. There should also be a local firewall enabled on each local machine. Also, since our physical servers will be hosted at a third party location, we must have VPN access to these servers to manage them. All private data will need to be encrypted, as well as all data transitions. To go along with the previously mentioned physical and software based security measures, we will also apply multiple policies to maintain this security. Acceptable Use  Policy This policy will describe how the companies IT assets should and can be used. As well as what is not acceptable to do on company assets. Password Policy This policy will explain what parameters a password must meet to be accepted. For example; a password must be at least 15 characters long have at least on capital letter, have at least one lower case letter, have at least one number, and have at least on symbol. Privacy Policy This policy describes what information must remain confidential. Training employees on the proper way to use (and how NOT to use) company assets is a major key to ensuring the CIA triad remains intact and our network secure. In this part of the executive summary, I am going to be explaining, and making recommendations on what the best options are for the open source software that is needed for the management of the First World Savings and Loan financial institutes various web and application servers. For each of the servers, I recomm end using the Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating system for a number of reasons. The main ones being that it is one of the most secure, Its backed by years of technical support, Its supported by a vast number of different hardware, and It is one of the most, if not the most, popular and used server OSs that one can get today. I would rather go with software that has been vigorously tested to its breaking point and still remains at the top tier of server software options thats readily available today, than one that has just come out with all of the bells and whistles. So on that note, lets get started on what I recommend to be the best of the best in terms of specific software and service needs. There are numerous great open source software solutions for database servers, like, H2, HyperSQL, MySQL, mysql, Oracle, and PostgreSQL, just to name a few. They all offer topnotch functionality, performance, scalability, and security. As far as which one is the best, I recommend PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is an object-relational Database software solution that offers some of t he most feature rich options as compared to the bigger commercial manufacturers like Oracle, IBM, Sybase and Informix, and the best part of it, its free. Its also one of the first database software that was released, and it has a proven track record with over 23 years of active development. It was created back in 1989. The only other DB software that came out before it is Oracle, which was created back in 1979. Now PostgreSQL might not be the fastest, but It more than makes up for it with its functionality. It allows the use of two  different types of interfaces, a GUI (for those who like the point-click style) and a SQL. It works on most OSs like windows, Linux, Mac, Unix, etc. It has a vast array of services and tools that is included to streamline the administration of the Database. Here are just some examples; Full ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) compliancy, commercial noncommercial support, triggers support, user defined data type support, stored procedure support, online backup, multiple index type input support, embedded access controls, encryption, etc. Here is a comparison of the top DB software available I got from the unbiased, data-driven comparison website; www.findthebest.com/database-management-sytems: - Specifications Product | MySQL | Oracle | PostgreSQL | Architecture | Relational Model | Relational Model | Object-relational Model | Software License | * GPL * PostgreSQL * Proprietary | * GPL * PostgreSQL * Proprietary | * GPL * PostgreSQL * Proprietary | Operating System | * Windows * Mac OS X * Linux * UNIX * z/OS * BSD * Symbian * AmigaOS | * Windows * Mac OS X * Linux * UNIX * z/OS * BSD * Symbian * AmigaOS | * Windows * Mac OS X * Linux * UNIX * z/OS * BSD * Symbian * AmigaOS | Demo? | | | | Interface | * GUI * SQL | * GUI * SQL | * GUI * SQL | Website | MySQL (mysql.com) | Oracle (oracle.com) | PostgreSQL (postgresql.org) | First Public Release Year | 1995 | 1979 | 1989 | Lastest Stable Version | 5.5.19 | 11g Release 2 | 9.1.3 | - -Price Price | $0 | $180 | $0 | Purchase Page | MySQL (https) | Oracle (https) | | - -General Features Features | * ACID * Backup * Custom Functions * Database Imports * Export Data * Extensibility * High Availability * Highly Scalable * Import Data * Java Support * Multi-Core Support * See more†º | * ACID * Backup * Custom Functions * Database Imports * Export Data * Extensibility * High Availability * Highly Scalable * Import Data * Java Support * Multi-Core Support * See more†º | * ACID * Backup * Custom Functions * Database Imports * Export Data * Extensibility * High Availability * Highly Scalable * Import Data * Java Support * Multi-Core Support * See more†º | Indexes | * Bitmap * Expression * Full-text * GIN * GiST * Hash * Partial * R-/R+ Tree * Reverse | * Bitmap * Expression * Full-text * GIN * GiST * Hash * Partial * R-/R+ Tree * Reverse | * Bitmap * Expression * Full-text * GIN * GiST * Hash * Partial * R-/R+ Tree * Reverse | Database Capabilities | * Blobs and Clobs * Common Table Expressions * Except * Inner Joins * Inner Selects * Intersect * Merge Joins * Outer Joins * Parallel Query * Union * Windowing Functions | * Blobs and Clobs * Common Table Expressions * Except * Inner Joins * Inner Selects * Intersect * Merge Joins * Outer Joins * Parallel Query * Union * Windowing Functions | * Blobs and Clobs * Common Table Expressions * Except * Inner Joins * Inner Selects * Intersect * Merge Joins * Outer Joins * Parallel Query * Union * Windowing Functions | Partitioning | * Composite (Range + Hash) * Hash * List * Native Replication API * Range * Shadow | * Composite (Range + Hash) * Hash * List * Native Replication API * Range * Shadow | * Composite (Range + Hash) * Hash * List * Native Replication API * Range * Shadow | Access Control | * Audit * Brute-force Protection * Enterprise Directory Compatibility * Native Network Encryption * Password Complexity Rules * Patch Access * Resource Limit * Run Unprivileged * Security Certification | * Audit * Brute-force Protection * Enterprise Directory Compatibility * Native Network Encryption * Password Complexity Rules * Patch Access * Resource Limit * Run Unprivileged * Security Certification | * Audit * Brute-force Protection * Enterpr ise Directory Compatibility * Native Network Encryption * Password Complexity Rules * Patch Access * Resource Limit * Run Unprivileged * Security Certification | Tables and Views | * Materialized Views * Temporary Table | * Materialized Views * Temporary Table | * Materialized Views * Temporary Table | Other Objects | * Cursor * Data Domain * External Routine * Function * Procedure * Trigger | * Cursor * Data Domain * External Routine * Function * Procedure * Trigger | * Cursor * Data Domain * External Routine * Function * Procedure * Trigger | Support Features | * Email * FAQ * Forums * Live chat * Mailing List * On-site * Phone * Tips and hints * White papers | * Email * FAQ * Forums * Live chat * Mailing List * On-site * Phone * Tips and hints * White papers | * Email * FAQ * Forums * Live chat * Mailing List * On-site * Phone * Tips and hints * White papers | - -Product Description Product Description | MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. MySQL is officially pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Å'É›skjuË Ã‹Ë†Ã‰â€ºl/ (My S-Q-L), but is often also pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Ë†siË kwÉ™l/ (My Sequel). It is named for original developer Michael Wideniuss daughter My. | Oracle Database 11g Release 2 provides the foundation for IT to successfully deliver more information with higher quality of service, reduce the risk of change within IT, and make more efficient use of their IT budgets. By deploying Oracle Database 11g Release 2 as their data management foundation, organizations can utilize the full power of the worlds leading database to:ï‚ · Reduce server costs by a factor of 5ï‚ · Reduce storage requirements by a factor of 12ï‚ · Improve mission critical systems performance by a factor of 10ï‚ · Increase DBA productivity by a factor of 2ï‚ · Eliminate idle redundancy i n the data center, andï‚ · Simplify their overall IT software portfolio. | PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. It has more than 15 years of active development and a proven architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data integrity, and correctness. It runs on all major operating systems, including Linux, UNIX (AIX, BSD, HP-UX, SGI IRIX, Mac OS X, Solaris, Tru64), and Windows. It is fully ACID compliant, has full support for foreign keys, joins, views, triggers, and stored procedures (in multiple languages). It includes most SQL:2008 data types, including INTEGER, NUMERIC, BOOLEAN, CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, INTERVAL, and TIMESTAMP. It also supports storage of binary large objects, including pictures, sounds, or video. It has native programming interfaces for C/C++, Java, .Net, Perl, Python, Ruby, Tcl, ODBC, among others, and exceptional documentation. | - -Contact Information Contact Link | MySQL (mysql.com) | Oracle (oracle.com) | PostgreSQL (postgresql.org) | Phone | 1 (866) 221-0634 | 1 (800) 392-2999 | | - -Limits Max Blob/Clob Size | 4 GB | Unlimited | 1 GB (text, bytea) stored inline or 2 GB (stored in pg_largeobject) | Max CHAR Size | 64 KB (text) | 4000 B | 1 GB | Max Column Name Size | 64 | 30 | 63 | Max Columns per Row | 4096 | 1000 | 250-1600 depending on type | Max DATE Value | 9999 | 9999 | 5874897 | Max DB Size | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Max NUMBER Size | 64 bits | 126 bits | Unlimited | Max Row Size | 64 KB | 8KB | 1.6 TB | Max Table Size | MyISAM storage limits: 256TB; Innodb storage limits: 64TB | 4 GB | 32 TB | Min DATE Value | 1000 | -4712 | -4713 | - -Data Types Type System | * Dynamic * Static | * Dynamic * Static | * Dynamic * Static | Integer | * BIGINT (64-bit) * INTEGER (32-bit) * MEDIUMINT (24-bit) * NUMBER * SMALLINT * SMALLINT (16-bit) * TINYINT (8-bit) | * BIGINT (64-bit) * INTEGER (32-bit) * MEDIUMINT (24-bit) * NUMBER * SMALLINT * SMALLINT (16-bit) * TINYINT (8-bit) | * BIGINT (64-bit) * INTEGER (32-bit) * MEDIUMINT (24-bit) * NUMBER * SMALLINT * SMALLINT (16-bit) * TINYINT (8-bit) | Floating Point | * BINARY_DOUBLE * BINARY_FLOAT * DOUBLE (64-bit) * DOUBLE PRECISION * FLOAT * REAL | * BINARY_DOUBLE * BINARY_FLOAT * DOUBLE (64-bit) * DOUBLE PRECISION * FLOAT * REAL | * BINARY_DOUBLE * BINARY_FLOAT * DOUBLE (64-bit) * DOUBLE PRECISION * FLOAT * REAL | Decimal | * DECIMAL * NUMERIC | * DECIMAL * NUMERIC | * DECIMAL * NUMERIC | String | * CHAR * NCHAR * NVARCHAR * TEXT * VARCHAR | * CHAR * NCHAR * NVARCHAR * TEXT * VARCHAR | * CHAR * NCHAR * NVARCHAR * TEXT * VARCHAR | Binary | * BFILE * BINARY * BINARY LARGE OBJECT * BYTEA * LONGBLO B * LONGRAW * MEDIUMBLOB * RAW * TINYBLOB * VARBINARY | * BFILE * BINARY * BINARY LARGE OBJECT * BYTEA * LONGBLOB * LONGRAW * MEDIUMBLOB * RAW * TINYBLOB * VARBINARY | * BFILE * BINARY * BINARY LARGE OBJECT * BYTEA * LONGBLOB * LONGRAW * MEDIUMBLOB * RAW * TINYBLOB * VARBINARY | Date/Time | * DATE * DATETIME * TIME * TIMESTAMP * YEAR | * DATE * DATETIME * TIME * TIMESTAMP * YEAR | * DATE * DATETIME * TIME * TIMESTAMP * YEAR | Boolean | * BOOLEAN * Unknown | * BOOLEAN * Unknown | * BOOLEAN * Unknown | Other | * ARRAYS * AUDIO * BIT * CIDR * CIRCLE * DICOM * ENUM * GIS data types * IMAGE * INET * MACCADDR * See more†º | * ARRAYS * AUDIO * BIT * CIDR * CIRCLE * DICOM * ENUM * GIS data types * IMAGE * INET * MACCADDR * See more†º | * ARRAYS * AUDIO * BIT * CIDR * CIRCLE * DICOM * ENUM * GIS data types * IMAGE * INET * MACCADDR * See more†º | I think its pretty obvious that the data speaks for itself. You cant get any better option unless you want to pay big money for these specific services. When it comes to deciding on which open source web server software to utilize, there are a lot of different options, such as, Apache, LightTPD, NGiNX, Boa, Cherokee, etc. The one that stands out the most is Apache. Apache is the most popular web server to date. It is the leading web server that is used most over all others including open source and non-open source options, such as, Microsofts IIS, Googles proprietary custom servers, NGiNX, AOL, IBM, etc. according to the website www.makeuseof.com. Here is a graph table I found (its a little dated) to give you an idea: Apache is the leader because of its functionality, performance, price (its free), stability, and security. It has top notch cross-plat forming capabilities so it can be used on numerous operating systems like, Microsofts Windows platform, Linux and UNIX based platforms, Macintosh platforms, BSD platforms, IBM platforms, HP platforms, etc. It can basically run on just about all OS platforms. This is ideal in todays ever evolving business needs and requirements. Some of the best features that an Apache web server offers are as follows: Basic access authentication digest access authentication, SSL/TLS HTTPS, virtual hosting, CGI, FCGI, SCGI, Java, SSI, ISAPI, runs in user space versus kernel space, Administration console, and IPv4 IPv6 addressing. Now these are just some of the feature sets that Apache uses. It helps that most, if not all, of these features are security based; which is most important when dealing with IT in any aspect of todays business world and society itself. There are a lot of different options when it comes to file servers. Some examples are, FileZilla, Samba,  HFS, TurnKey, Cerberus, VSFTPD, etc. As far as whats the best file server software options it boils down to the companys needs. I recommend using Samba or FileZilla for a number of reasons. Samba has over 20 years of development and FileZilla has over 10 years of development, They both offer amazing cross-plat forming capabilities on several different operating systems, They are both pretty easy to setup and administer, they both offer great security, and best of all they are free. This is extremely important for a modern business. Also the fact that they are free helps in cutting down company costs and drives up financial gains throughout the en tire company. Plus, Samba speaks natively with Microsoft Windows machines and these are typically what most end users use for their operating systems. Now for the open source SMTP server software I recommend using iRedMail. iRedMail offers two different options, iRedMail (which is free) iRedMailPro (which is a paid version for $299 per server per year) with amazing fully fledged features. The feature include: blazing fast deployment (less than 1 minute), easy to use, security and stability, mind-blowing productivity (uses a very little resources to run), top notch support, absolute control over data (all personal data is stored on companys hard disk versus some third party storage medium), supports virtualization and non-virtualization software (VMware, Xen, VirtualBox, KVM, OpenVZ, etc. with i386 and x86/x64/ amd64 compatibility), low maintenance, unlimited accounts, stores mail in openLDAP, MySQL, and PostgreSQL, Service and access restrictions, throttling, Anti-Spam Anti-Virus by default, Web mail, backup support, and security (forced password change policy for every 90 days, uses SSL/TLS connections for sending and receiving mail, etc.). The support offered for iRedMail is among the best and in the business world, this is a must. The LDAP server I recommend is Red Hat Directory Server because it offers some of the best features to date. Its also has some of the best support in the business. It has an amazing reputation as well. Here is a list of the features that it offers: cost-savings, tremendous scalability (Allows 4-way multimaster replication of data across the entire enterprise while providing centralized, consistent data, and allows extranet applications), enhanced security (provides centralized, fine-grained access controls, and utilizes strong certificate-based authentication encryption.), and amazing productivity (centralizes user identity and  applications for ease of access for administration), you can’t go wrong with using software from a national ly known and reputable company like Red Hat Linux. Each user will be put into groups; this will be done to control access to the file system. Each user on the network will have to meet the standards below. Having each user in groups will help manage them, and what they have access and are allowed to do on the server. Each user will have their own partitioned /home directory to reduce impact of the file system. No user should be without a group, any users without groups will only have access to only their home directory. The following is the password policy they will be using: User account Standard users: Restrict reuse of passwords to once per 18 months Set min day for password expire Set max day for password expire every 30 days Set password complexity to require 1 capital letter, 1 lower case letter, 1 number, 1 symbol and must be at least 15 characters long Enforce password policies Ensure all users do not have access to sudo, or su rights  Create groups for all users, and give them allow sups or admins to maintain rights to those groups, and allow them specific path use on sudo (only if needed). This will allow users to access the data they need to complete their jobs. Also with this password system in place, it will ensure they do not use simple passwords or recycle passwords too often. Super users: Rights to manage groups Specific path use of sudo Restrict reuse of passwords Set min day for password expire Set max day for password expire Set password complexity Enforce password policies These will help super users to manage groups and have access to the tools that they need. This also prevents the users from having too much access to the systems. This helps the admin manage groups by allowing them to move users into the correct group or give them access to specific files that they may need access to. Su will only be used by top level admins, and only if something is truly not working. Lower level admins will have sudo access to files they need to have access to. Users will only have read/write access to the files they need access to; the rest will be read only access. Kernel will be locked down and will need admin permission to access. Passwd file will not be accessible by anyone other than top level admins Firewall and iptables will only be accessible by top level admins and super users. Configuring our network in this manner and applying these user access control permissions will cost less money and add a greater level of security. Using this Defense in Depth strategy, we will have multiple layers of security that an attacker will have to penetrate to break the CIA triad.

Cheating Essay -- Academic Cheating Cheater Essays

Cheating Cheating used to be considered an unmentionable sin. However, in this day and age, it has become more common and somewhat of a daily occurrence. Cheating is more widespread today than in the past. According to the article titled Education: The New Morality, cheating has not been an issue of values, but simply one of practicality. This shows that many view cheating as a mere occurrence and something that can often be skipped over. The reason cheating has become such a pervasive movement is because many students tend to rationalize their cheating behavior. A common rationalization that many students use is, â€Å" That’s the only way I’ll get anywhere in life.† Many students also tend to incorporate reasons, such as parental pressures, the aim to be the best, and the lack of time, with their dishonest behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since cheating has been a problem in our society, there have been many attempts to rid the world of this problem. Such attempts include creating an honor code, forms of punishment, and possibly a computer-integrated classroom. The terms by which an honor code are defined as are (taken from the article titled A Question of Honor), â€Å" something that defines ethical academic conduct with the expectation that students will monitor their peers, report violations, and mete out penalties.† An honor code needs to be created by the student body in order to be carried out successfully. By enforcing an honor code, there is a creation of trust within the atmosphere...

What Makes Jack Welch an Effective Leader? Essay -- GCSE Business Mark

What Makes Jack Welch an Effective Leader? ---ideas from the article â€Å"Will Legacy Live On?† Before I talk about what makes Jack an effective leader, I want to explain briefly why I chose him as my study subject. Why do I like him? Jack Welch created a new model for business leaders everywhere. His genius leadership and management techniques are an example to anyone aspiring to a successful career. Why is he so famous? He became the youngest CEO and Chairman of one of America's biggest and most respected companies (General Electric) at age 44, and successfully rewrote the rules of what an incredibly profitable and successful company should be, and had fun in the process. What is leadership? To know what makes an effective leader, one must know what leadership is. According to our textbook, the definition of leadership is the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of goals. In this case, the group is General Electronic Corporation. For a big business empire like GE, obviously, the final goal is to make as much profit as it can to please its shareholders. Let’s see what the article describes about how Jack influences his team to achieve this goal: â€Å"Growing a company that was valued by the market at $13 billion when he took it over in 1981 to a behemoth worth more than $400 billion when he retired last year is what is called wealth creation – big time.† Without Jack, GE couldn’t have today’s accomplishment. What makes Jack be a leader? †¢ Personality According to the â€Å"trait theories of leadership† in the textbook, six traits have been identified as being consistently associated with leadership: 1) ambition and energy; 2) the desire to lead; 3) honesty and integrity; 4) self-confidence; ... ...world has become extremely fast and full of change. If the leader can’t adapt to changing conditions, it is very possible for his firm to be kicked out of the game. How can the firm change, though? The most effective way is to go through new ideas. Here, it reminders me Welch’s famous saying: "Change before you have to." †¢ Arts At last, I want to quote my favorite part in this article, which the following, Leadership is not a science. It’s not a recipe. It’s not the five rules about this or the six effective habits of that. It’s an art, and as Georges Braque wrote, the only thing that matters in art is the part that can’t be explained.† The only reason that I like this part is that I don’t need to apply any leadership theory here. My conclusion is that he is a very effective leader. If I were to become a successful CEO, I would follow his example.

Culture, Folkways Vs Mores Essay

Culture Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action. Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person’s learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning. Folkways Vs Mores The world is one, big community which is made up of several different societies that are distinct from one another. These societies have their own history, laws, beliefs, traditions, practices, customs, and ways of life. These make each society different and shape how their people act. Even a nation or country can have societies or ethnic groups that differ, each according to their own customs, traditions, and religions which they have followed from their ancestors. These beliefs, habits, practices, rules, customs, traditions, and manners are called by different names. They are called etiquette, decorum, propriety, values, virtues, folkways, and mores. While these terms may have similar meanings, they have different connotations. Folkways are shared customs or beliefs that have become part of the common culture of a group or society. They are habits of a certain individual that has been generally accepted by society and which are followed by its other members. It is a term which was introduced in 1907 by William Graham Sumner, an American sociologist. He defined it as informal social conventions which have no moral importance but became the customary behavior of the group because of their repetition. They are the feelings, thinking, and actions which slowly developed as men repeatedly use them to satisfy their basic needs. In time, these habits become widely accepted, constant, and more positive becoming into a way of life and turning into folkways. Mores, on the other hand, are moral customs, manners, traditions, and conventions of a social group or society. They are the values, virtues, and norms of society that define how they should act and interact with each other. They are developed from the established practices of a group of people and not from their laws. Some of these practices may be approved by society or not while others may be tolerated or not by members of the group. The term â€Å"mores† comes from the Latin word â€Å"mores† which means â€Å"customs, manners, or morals.† It has been used in the English language since the late 19th century. Summary: 1.Folkways are habits of individuals or of a group of people which have been accepted and followed by its members and eventually became accepted as a way of life while mores are moral customs and traditions that are shared by a group of people that makes up a society. 2.Folkways are informal social conventions with no moral significance while mores are social conventions that are morally significant. 3.Both terms were first used during the early 1900s. While the word â€Å"mores† comes from Latin, the word â€Å"folkways† was introduced by American sociologist William Graham Sumner. 4.Both folkways and mores were developed from the people’s habitual actions and not from society’s laws; folkways in a way are a certain type of mores. 5.While both folkways and mores instruct people on how they should act, mores, which represent the values of a group, are stricter while folkways are the feelings, thinking, and actions of a group and are less strict

Heriot

Heriot Introduction Heriot-Watt University is a university in Scotland based in Edinburgh. The university takes pride in offering practical solutions both to day global challenges as well as providing appropriate education to many students. The society is highly committed in digging deep into the challenges facing the society, assessing them and structuring appropriate programmes to tackle the problems.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Heriot-Watt University Blue-print Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The various academic disciplines are designed with the existing challenges in consideration. The courses offered by the institution are therefore meant to provide solutions to the community as a whole. The university brings together skills in interdisciplinary sections, each structured to handle a particular strategic theme. The themes are developed concerning what is viewed as the important problem affecting the soci ety. These themes bring together expertise from many disciplines. The major areas of concern targeted by change include; energy, environment, transport and infrastructure, risk and modeling, and the interface of the life sciences with the physical sciences and technology. The institution enjoys an excellent record of accomplishment in offering interdisciplinary and user-centred research. Such attainments will have an important input in enabling the organizations attain its goals. The targeted areas also hope to address the global market demands in those sectors and the need for the specialist in various fields. The areas targeted will be vital in addressing the ever-growing demand for the specialist in the energy sector, the environmental advisors, the transport and infrastructure planners , risk managers and modelers and those with the potential to create a harmony between the life sciences and the technological and physical sciences. Such gap reduction mechanisms between practice and science will be helpful in addressing some of the challenges that human race is facing in the planet.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heriot-watt University is widely known in a vast number of research areas. Some of the vital fields of focus comprises of photonics, business education, petroleum engineering, financial mathematics and actuarial science, risk management, decoding and interpreting, and logistics. These courses are considered demand driven and play a centrals role in many economies in the world. The needs to address the challenges presented the climate changes effects and development of the appropriate models that will help in risk management by the companies and organizations will be handy in the present age work places. We have also the issue of the existences of various techn9ologies that are developed by different firms, and some may be in a form that may not be easily useful to some clients, it will be essential and necessary to translate some the stuff into a format that they are easily disseminate to the end users. The institution aims at addressing such discrepancies. The proposed strategy aims to provide the institution with the direction to concentrate further on interdisciplinary research and teaching. The blue print not only targets the community where it operates but also targets to address the challenges on a global scale. Such an approach is aimed at widening the pool from which the institutions is aiming to work. The ability to address issues in the global scale will enable the institutions to have representatives and partners across the globe and thus have the masses who subscribe to the ideology of the institutions and this will give the institutions the necessary boost needed to survive in the competitive market place. The Strategy is structured to meet the needs of Scotland national economy at the UK at large. By virtue of its position, the universities are at the core of the country’s economy. The university achieves this by investing in research activities, concentrating on the agenda for skills development and advocating for innovation, entrepreneurship among many other developmental issues. The element of knowledge sharing and exchange is also highly valued as it is considered as an avenue to development of human capital, which translates into improved growth and productivity. Students are encouraged to share ideas, cultural diversity, and any other element that is considered fruitful.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Heriot-Watt University Blue-print Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Focus On the Future Strategy Focus on the Future is the ambitious strategy aimed to act as a blue-print in re-shaping Heriot-Watt University’s agenda. As outlined in the strategy, the university intends to r ealize a 50% growth in the academic base by the year 2015. Realizing such an ambitious move requires putting in place in the necessary mechanisms and work plan that must be followed. As a leading university in Edinburgh, Scotland, the university is determined to demonstrate its leadership in science, technology, and business. The three areas of focus form the core business approaches that will give the institutions an advantage over the other institutions. The subject areas are aimed at addressing the challenges that globalizations presents to different set up of businesses and internationals organizations across the globe. Multi-cultural diversity of the institutions enables the institutions to present the various modules of the courses aimed at addressing the challenges that such diversity may present. The strategy aims to raise the university’s standing from a national leading university to a recognized international institution that will attract foreign students. This is to be reflected in the university’s commitment to produce professionals in all specialization. The institution is highly determined to continue growth and investment this in effect is expected to have the institution as a leading international university in key world issues. Need Having an outstanding reputation of providing working solutions to the many development challenges within the country as well as in the international circles, the university is obligated to sustain the record. This will be achieved through continuous quality assurance checks and by emulating other institutions around the globe. Bearing in mind that meeting the clientele expectations is paramount, it will be essential for the organization to meet its obligation to the society. The institution has already set the foundation or the benchmark of the expectations that the society or people are expecting from it. The institutions ability to amicably address the challenges will be essential in its planning of the future undertakings. The strength of the university is demonstrated in its existing collaborative programmes, which include ScotCHEM in chemistry and chemical engineering; The ScotgriD advanced IT network; The Scottish institute for Research in Economics; and Edinburgh Research Partnership in Engineering and mathematics (ERPem).Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This acts to consolidate expertise in various disciplines where they bring on board their wide experiences in formulating solutions to the modern world challenges. Strategic Fit Energy This is one of the major areas in which the university has concentrated her efforts. The strategy aims to adopt a cohesive and coordinated approach to research and learning activities in energy field as well as other related disciplines. The combination of skills from experts in various fields is aimed to enhance meaningful research findings that can be utilize at both national and international level (Esty 2008). Outcomes The strategy has led to significant growth in the forefront Institute of Petroleum Engineering. This has been characterized by increased academic capacity in non-fossil going by also by the number of students and other key players interested in the field. The strategy builds on the existing institution’s technical capabilities. The institutions strength to adopt the strategy lies in its richness in facilities such as sufficient educational capacity and availability of research resources. This is also because of government and other private funding in research programmes like in petroleum engineering works, which has enabled the institute to expand its research facilities and acquire advanced machinery for the same. One core objective of the strategy is to reduce over-reliance on fossil fuels without necessarily doing away with it. The strategy aims to diversify energy sources. As the main recognized international university in Scotland, Heriot-Watt University intends to take the energy educational opportunities beyond the national boundaries. It targets all parts of the world especially the countries where increasing demand for energy constitutes national agenda. Major initiatives include: Optimizing discovery of sustainable gas and oil reserves with the aim of overcoming the global limitation. Increased development of voltaic systems, which have the c apacity to generate electricity. This is to keep pace with the steady escalating consumption. With expectations that oil reserves will be exhausted in 100 years to come, focus on alternative sources of energy such as voltaic systems is of great importance. School of built and construction undertakes research into architectural design which is intended to minimize energy loss in the buildings. Research programme at the International Centre for technology in Orkney on marine renewables with emphasis on marine environmental impacts. A team of professional in energy technology to deal with complex issues in energy such as security in supply, high living standards and the impacts on the environment. This is an area of great concern particularly when it comes to negative impacts on the environment as a result of current methods of obtaining energy. The university’s doctorate engineering programme which includes the theme, with options in solar energy and enhanced oil and gas recove ry A new master of science programme with emphasis in economics, business and management A large pilot plant to support experiments on low carbon buildings such as the eco-village. This is will be strategy to reduce overall emission as agreed in the recent G8 summit. In order to encourage information exchange, coordination, and collaboration among the players, a virtual Academy centre was constructed. The centre advances the University’s interests in energy resources and production, capturing and storage of carbon, efficiency, and utilization of energy. As a part of its strength, there are significant partnerships among the researchers. This is also demonstrated by the connectivity of the institution to major energy organizations and other researchers outside the university. The institution’s capacity in commercial knowledge transfer to the energy economy allows it to further develop and extend their technical abilities (Kurukulasuriya Mendelsohn 2006). Environment a nd Climate Change We cannot talk of development without addressing the environment we operate in. Environment and climate theme is in particular designed with the aim of understanding the environment and its impacts on the humanity. The strategy recognizes the fact that the issues of environment and climate have taken a centre stage on the global debate. The impact of man on the environment and the climate change has increased with the rising industrial revolution. How can we balance delicate equation of industrialization and environmental degradation? Industrialization, developmental activities such as agriculture have resulted into far reaching impacts on the environment and this is threatening the global future economy (Agrawala 2003). The strategy aims to address this challenge by conducting research to adjusting to low carbon lifestyle. For low carbon lifestyle to be this to be realized, it will take joint efforts of specialists from diverse fields of research to put ideas toge ther. Biologists’ work is combined with techniques developed by chemists and physicists. Mathematicians’ and stasticians’ skills are also brought on board to build theoretical models that enhance understanding of data and transforming these diverse ideas into something meaningful that we see the institution achieve some of its core values (Adger 1999). Nevertheless, this theme faces some challenges. The complexity nature of the environment and the chain of interacting factors makes difficult to understand changes that cause them. Another challenge lies in the difficulty in developing knowledge and tools top reduce the negative effects and adjusting our practices. In order to achieve this theme, a number of initiatives were put in place namely: comprehensive investigation in both physical and ecological set up of the environment and the change processes at work. focus on marine ecosystem and biodiversity; conducting research into formation and storage of gas, de veloping a model and undertaking an analysis on the population processes in ecology which entails an understanding of predator and prey relationship. The model also aims to predict how the relationships among different organisms lead to diseases and how it can be controlled. Formulation of a new master’s degree programme, which focuses on climate change and the control measures. The course targets students from various disciplines and incorporates inputs from actors the university. construction of a multi-disciplinary centre, which aims at taking advantage of the existing partnership with the external collaborators within the area of marine sciences. This center will also attract immense interests of stakeholders who will focus at reducing the negative impacts of climate change. This theme targets at bringing about change in technology use, social, as well as behavioural aspects (Bojà ¶ Reddy 2003b). One of the biggest challenge facing human being and the entire ecosystem s urvival is indeed the factor of climate change (environmental degradation). The importance of this subject accrues from the fact that it affects all the nations around the world. However, the poor are at more risk as compared to the rich. The impacts of climate change expose million of peoples to poverty and hunger as variations in weather and consequently climate affects food production and those who rely on agriculture are the most hit (Adger 1999). For there to be any meaningful development, the poor must be supported to overcome the challenges brought about by climate change. Many organizations especially, those interested in development, IFAD, for instance, climate change has a unique significance. Their mission is to empower people by helping them to overcome poverty (Bojà ¶ Reddy 2002). Economies of many developing countries across the world depend on agriculture. It is the mainstay for the poorest rural households. However, more than any other sector, it is the most direct ly affected by the issues of climate change (Abramovitz 2001). This further complicates the livelihoods of the rural poor who have no capacity to overcome the impacts of climate change. This is because they lack access to financial opportunities that would otherwise enable them to devise alternative means of survival (Boju et al., 2004). Failures in crop production, deaths in livestock, as result of drought are causing enormous economic losses among farmers. In effect, this has been marked by escalation in food prices and hence deterioration in food security. The situation has not been helped by the steadily swelling in the world population, especially in the developing world, which means high demand for food (Bruci 2004). FAO estimates project that, for food production to meet the demand of the rising population, it will need to double by the year 2050 (Githego et al., 2000). It is projected that deforestation and poor agricultural practices collectively make up approximately 26 to 35 per cent of total greenhouse gas discharge in the environment. On the other hand, agriculture and forestry can play a major role in handling the challenges of climate change. â€Å"Enhanced land management applications for instance rehabilitation of ruined land, agro forestry and high-quality agricultural practices can to a large extent contribute to bringing down the amount of greenhouse gas discharged in our environment† (Department for International Development 2004a, p.5). Involvement of the poor rural people in introducing sustainable development programme is key in overcoming challenges of climate change. A good number of this general population deal with huge tracks of forests and land and for that reason they can be essential participants in â€Å"natural resource management and carbon sequestration† (Department for International Development 2004b, p. 6). They are from time to time the caretakers of the natural or usual resource base and can put in signific ant information in the preservation efforts (Mani Sears 2006). According to the Department for International Development (2004d, p. 7), carbon-trading know-how be required to be go with with reimbursement programmes for the rural poor with respect to their ecological actions, which add to carbon sequestration or confiscation that limit carbon gas discharge in the environment. This will have an important role in addressing the climate change challenges that the globe is struggling to solve. The compensation program is aimed at allowing the rural to develop the essential carbon sinks that will help in reducing the level of carbon in the atmosphere and thus reduce the effects of global warming. The approach also helps in reducing the Green house gases that have been associated with the depletion of the vital ozone layer. This is believed to be one of the most dangers that global warming has presented to survival in the planet. The attempts to reduce and minimize the emissions will be crucial in ensuring that the planet will be able to support life in the near future. Sustaining soil and water preservation actions, presenting inducements to farmers and all other parties involved in sustainable or long-term production practices, and gratifying for carbon seizure or sequestration actions and avoiding or reducing deforestation, part of continued attempts to tone down the negative effects of climate alteration (Gornitz 1995). â€Å"In responding to the growing effects of climate change, IFAD is in the process of integrating adaptation and mitigation into its activities† (Dale 1997, p. 20). By giving attention to the needs and situations of the poor rural people during the planning process, risks and impacts of climate will be minimized at the same time achieving progress in development. Life and Physical Sciences Interface The university’s collaborations among the life sciences and physical sciences have grown tremendously in the recent past. This has b een facilitated by knowledge sharing opportunities and techniques (Bradley 2006). The approach aims to tackle this subject matter by intensifying the institution’s ability in â€Å"advanced bio-molecular science which is appropriate to human biology, and to develop and further exploit the relationship of this and related life science activities with other science and technology interests† (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program 2007, p. 5). Initiatives Leading an international team using micro array technology to study the interaction between the environment and genes. The objective of this research is to discover ways of dealing with metabolic diseases. This is in essence supposed to promote safe ageing by enhancing healthy muscle functioning (Bojà ¶ Reddy 2003a). Collaboration between clinicians and biomedical scientists to conduct investigations into the causes of tumors and slow healing of wounds affected patients. This is to be achieved mathematical modeli ng aimed at providing the insight and hence an understanding of cell biology. Development of new pharmaceutical products, which is long-term industrial product and has high efficacy Leading a major collaborative programme with the aim of developing new technologies to initiate the automatic production of embryonic cells A partnership of chemistry experts, chemical engineering specialist, and other experts in the complex-scale-up of bio-chemical processes for industrial scale production. More research in polymer synthesis and applications Developing special imaging techniques (hyper spectral ophthalmic) which allows for monitoring of the body development and to also give highly diagnostic information. Using ultra-high speed imaging techniques to measure how the behavior of insects as it flies. This information is then used in developing an improved aircraft. Development of automatic cell screening technologies gadgets. This is intended to help in studying the functioning of individua l cells. Continued collaboration among different disciplines. This is to enhance adaptation of the laboratory research findings to the industries. Increase in learning opportunities through formulation of new MSc programmes in life sciences, engineering, physical sciences, and mathematics and computer sciences. Risk and Modeling Being at the centre of modern living, Risk and its management form an important theme of the Focus on the Future strategy. The goal of the theme is to bring together the disciplines of actuarial mathematics, statistics, psychology, computer science, and engineering to be able to deal with mathematical and behavioural aspects of risk and uncertainty (Department for International Development 2004d). The approach adopted by the university aims to take advantage of the available experts in such fields as actuarial mathematics, probability and other appropriate disciplines that deal with uncertainty. The proposed collaborative approach intends to take into consi deration quantitative behavioural and social aspects associated with the problem and hence find solution as well as formulate control strategies. The proposed interdisciplinary approach is to ensure that the real problem and risks are handled (Hannah Midgley 2002). The approach is an improvement of the traditional methodology, where calculation and risk presentation was exclusively based on mathematics. The interdisciplinary approach combines elements of behavior and society in defining a problem and result into a workable solution and strategies to avoid similar situations (Department for International Development 2004c). Initiatives The university continues to build on the existing excellent record in high impact research which makes use of probabilistic approach in solving problems affecting the modern world Experts in the discipline of quantitative risk management develop techniques that can be used in determining the nature of risks as well their occurrence frequencies Contin ued involvement in the global assignment in genetics and insurance research centre provides a foundation for the development of a model that aids in understanding of human genetics on insurance markets Construction of a major centre staffed with experts in various fields provides an opportunity for continued research in risks. The institution provides training and advice to the public, business community as well as the government on how to manage risks. This acts to improves the people’s attitude towards risks and gives them confidence when they are faced with uncertainty. Promotion of opportunities provided by the training in risk management and applying such skills in other areas such as fund investment Infrastructure and Transport The university recognizes the increasing pace at which the urban population is accelerating. It is estimated that the current population proportion in urban centres is more that 50% and it is projected to exceed 60% by the year 2030(Hill et al., 2002). Such an increase in population is expected to put immense pressure on the available facilities and hence need expansion to meet the unprecedented demands. More and bigger population means more mouths to feed, many children to educate, increased demand on transport, increased demand for jobs from the youths, increased demand for sanitation, as well as demand for a clean environment. Given its vantage capacity, Heriot-Watt University is committed to take the lead in confronting these global challenges. The strategy for this theme is to bring together professionals from various academic fields such as those in the field of Schools of the Built Environment; Management and Languages, and Engineering and Physical Sciences so as they can work as team. The interdisciplinary collaboration brings together a team of internationally recognized experts. The professionals range from infrastructure designers to consultants in micro and micro management. Major initiatives include: To lead UK research effort in flood modeling and coordinating of flood risk management through collaboration of experts within the university and other public organizations. The institution also undertakes to investigate and address important issues relating to freight distribution in the Logistics Research Centre in the school of Management and Languages. Professionals and other experts in energy systems are committed to designing and development of automotives and aircraft engines as well as the instruments monitoring instruments. Professional and governmental exchange partnership between the Scotland and China governments is promoted by the Centre for Chinese and Urban Studies, leads to a long-term mutual benefit to the citizens of the two countries. The Logistics Research Centre in the School of Management and Languages is committed to working on freight distribution and research to reduce emission of carbon dioxide by increasing efficiency in transporting goods through improvement of h ighways and road systems. Proper planning which has ensured meaningful and functional facilities at all time has reinforced this. Development of research on specialized infrastructural materials which are able to detect their own state and in effect give necessary warning to avoid any likely harm to the people or negative environmental impacts. The continued research into optical fibre sensors makes it possible to for long-term structural monitoring systems, which are capable sensing any small strain over along period of time in civil engineering structures. The development of postgraduate programmes on city planning and design, transport and management when combined with the current programmes, they reinforce each other making it easier for the transfer of knowledge in offering practical solution s to the community The availability of international MSc programmes through distance learning module makes it easy to incorporate ideas from other countries affected with similar situation s Scottish University Physics Alliance (SUPA) This is an alliance, which brings together eight Scottish universities Physics. The major objectives is put physics in the forefront in the national strategy, also encourage collaboration among institutions, and promote efficiency and excellence within the discipline (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001). In adopting a common approach in terms of staffing, training of the staff as well as issues of research and funding opportunities, the alliance brings together experienced experts as well as encourages training of upcoming scientists. The initiative has enabled Scotland to create the larges group of physics researchers in the UK (Griebenow 2006). This has also attracted funding from donors, sponsors, and stakeholders in the industrial market (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007). The alliance promotes the major themes, which are of great importance to the Scotland economy as well providing solutions to the global challenges. Such areas that provide solutions to global interests comprises of â€Å"energy, physics and life sciences, astronomy, condensed matter and materials physics, nuclear and plasma physics, photonics and particle physics† (Kishore 2007,p. 7 ). Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance (SICSA) This alliance aims to expand Scotland’s research excellence in Informatics and Computer Science. The Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance (SICSA) bring together researchers within computer science and informatics. The purpose of the partnership of these different fields is to merge and make stronger â€Å"Scotland’s ranking as the global researcher informatics and computer sciences key player† (Buchmann Nabhan 1996, p. 6). Reference List Abramovitz, Janet N., 2001. Unnatural disasters worldwatch paper 158. Washington: Worldwatch Institute Publishers. Adger, Neil V., 1999. Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam. World Development Journal, vol.2, no.1, pp. 249-69. Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Ahmed, A., Smith, J., Aalst, M. 2003. Development, and climate change in Bangladesh: focus on coastal flooding and the Sundarbans. Environment Directorate and Development Co-operation Directorate Journal, vol.32, no. 2, pp.1-46. Bojà ¶, Jan M., Reddy, Ram C. 2002. Poverty reduction strategies, and environment: a review of 40 interim and poverty reduction strategy paper. Environment Department Paper Journal, vol. 86, no.1, pp.1-10. Bojà ¶, Jan M., Reddy, Ram C. 2003a. Poverty reduction strategies, and millennium development goal on environmental sustainability: opportunities for alignment. Environment Department Paper Journal, vol.92, no.1, pp.1-20. Bojà ¶, Jan M., Reddy, Ram C. 2003b. Status and evolution of environmental priorities in the poverty reduction strategies: an assessment of fifty poverty reduction Strategy papers. Environment Department Paper Journal, vol.93, no.1, pp.1-15. Bojà ¶ , Jan M., Green, Kenneth, Kishore, Sunanda, Pilapitiya, Sumith, and Reddy Ram (2004) Environment in poverty reduction strategies and poverty reduction support credits. Environment Department Paper Journal, vol.102, no. 1, pp.1-19. Bradley, R., Vuille, M., Diaz, H., Vergara, W., 2006. Threats to water supplies in the tropical Andes. Science Journal, vol. 312, no.1, pp.1755-56. Bruci, Dan V., 2004. Assessment of the expected climate change vulnerabilities in Albania. European Meteorological Society Annual Journal, vol.1, no.1, pp.1-25. Buchmann, S., Nabhan, G.,1996. The forgotten pollinator. Washington: Island Press. Dale, Virginia H., 1997. The relationship between land use change and climate Change. Ecological Applications Journal, vol. 77, no.3, pp. 753-69. Department for International Development, 2004a. The impact of climate change on the vulnerability of the poor: key sheets on climate change and poverty 3. London: London Publishers. Department for International Development, 2 004b. Climate change deepens poverty and challenges poverty reduction strategies: key sheets on climate change and poverty 1. London: London Publishers. Department for International Development, 2004c. Adaptation to climate change:making development disaster-proof: key sheets on climate change and poverty 6. London: London Publishers. Department for International Development, 2004d. Adaptation to climate change: can insurance reduce the vulnerability of the poor. Key sheets on climate change and poverty 8. London: London Publishers. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, 2007. Millennium development goals, Ghana’s strategy for poverty reduction. National Development Planning Journal, vol.3, no. 6, pp.1-177. Esty, D., Levy, M., Kim, H., Sherbinin, A., Srebotnjak, T., Mara, V., 2008. Environmental performance index: Yale center for environmental law and policy. Yale: New Haven Publishers. Githeko, A., Lindsay, S., Confalonieri, U., Patz, J., 2000. Climate change and vec tor-borne diseases: a regional analysis. World Health Organization Environmental Journal, vol. 78, no.9, pp. 1136-47. Gornitz, Vivien M., 1995. Sea-level Rise: A review of recent past and near future Trends. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Journal, vol. 20, no.1, pp. 7-20. Griebenow, Ann G., 2006. Conflicts in the human-elephant border: studying the possible causes in the bias conservation area in Ghana. Tropical Resource Journal, vol. 25, no.1, pp. 45-49. Hannah, L., Midgley, G., 2002. Conservation of biodiversity on a changing Climate. Conservation Biology Journal, vol. 16, no.1, 264-68. Hill, J., Thomas, C., Fox, R., Telfer, M., Willis, S., Asher, J., 2002. Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future range. Royal Society B Journal, vol. 269,no.1,pp. 2163-71. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001, Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kishore, S., 2007. Mainstreaming environment in the implementation of PRSPs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environment Department Paper Journal, vol.112, no.2.pp.1-13. Kurukulasuriya, P., Mendelsohn, R., 2006. Crop selection: adapting to climate change in Africa. CEEPA Pretoria Journal. Mani, M., Sears, A., 2006. Implementation of environment and natural resources aspects in development policy lending: first year review. Environment Department Journal, vol. 111, no.1, pp.1-10.

Seagulls Choke and Die essays

Seagulls Choke and Die essays Today there exist many solutions and all kinds of preventions to every single kind of pollution. In the United States alone, a major effort against pollution of air began with a Clean Air Act in 1970 (ametsoc.org). The act required that air could contain only a limited amount of pollutants like carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, and many more harmful toxins. This act sets deadlines that companies must for air pollution control. The Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of enforcing those standards, but all the work of fighting pollution is up to state governments and air pollution control districts. Some areas have taken the initiative to exceed the standards of the Clean Air Act, and thus produce cleaner air. So how can we clean up the air? The answer is simple, pollution control and government assistance. Pollution can never be eliminated, only reduced. There are mainly two ways that pollution can be reduced. The EPA controls pollution with two methods, the first being what is called the End of the Pipe technique. This includes devices that will capture pollutants created, and limit the amount of toxins produced from such things as cars, and factories (ametsoc.org). There are many different types of these devices. They include the catalytic converter in automobiles, which captures unburned carbons instead of releasing them into the atmosphere as carbon monoxide. Also, there exist numerous kinds of filters in industrial plants. When these devices were first introduced they reduced pollution at a fairly reasonable cost. However, as our air pollution standards from the EPA become stricter, it becomes more expensive to keep the air clean. Many factories are going bankrupt in todays economy. It is a very difficult task to set aside large amounts of money to control a factorys pollution. Even if a company is well off financially the End of the Pipe controls cant rid the air of pollutio ...

Pacific Rim Countries and Economic Tigers

Pacific Rim Countries and Economic Tigers Many of the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean have helped to create an economic miracle that has become known as the Pacific Rim. In 1944 the geographer N.J. Spykman published a theory about the rim of Eurasia. He proposed that the control of the rimland, as he called it, would effectively allow control of the world. Now, more than fifty years later we can see that part of his theory holds true since the power of the Pacific Rim is quite extensive. The Pacific Rim includes countries bordering the Pacific Ocean from North and South America to Asia to Oceania. Most of these countries have experienced major economic change and growth to become components of an economically integrated trade region. Raw material and finished goods are shipped between Pacific Rim states for manufacture, packaging, and sale. The Pacific Rim continues to gain strength in the global economy. From the colonization of the Americas to just a few years ago, the Atlantic Ocean had been the leading ocean for the shipment of goods and material. Since the early 1990s, the value of goods crossing the Pacific Ocean has been greater than the value of goods crossing the Atlantic. Los Angeles is the American leader in the Pacific Rim as its the source for the most trans-Pacific flights and ocean-based shipments. Additionally, the value of United States imports from Pacific Rim countries is greater than the imports from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) member in Europe. Economic Tigers Four of the Pacific Rim territories have been called Economic Tigers due to their aggressive economies. They have included South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong has been absorbed as the Chinese territory of Xianggang, it is likely that its status as a tiger will change. The four Economic Tigers have even challenged Japans dominance of the Asian economy. South Koreas prosperity and industrial development are related to their production of items from electronics and clothing to automobiles. The country is about three times larger than Taiwan and has been losing its historical agricultural base to industries. South Koreans are quite busy; their average workweek is about 50 hours, one of the worlds longest. Taiwan, which is not recognized by the United Nations, is a tiger with its major industries and entrepreneurial initiative. China claims the island and the mainland and island are technically at war. If the future includes a merger, hopefully, it will be a peaceful one. The island is about 14,000 square miles and has a focus on its north coast, centered on the capital city of Taipei. Their economy is the twentieth largest in the world. Singapore started its road to success as an entrepot, or free port for transshipment of goods, for the Malay Peninsula. The island city-state became independent in 1965. With tight governmental control and an excellent location, Singapore has effectively utilized its limited land area (240 square miles) to become a world leader in industrialization. Hong Kong became part of China on July 1, 1997, after being the territory of the United Kingdom for 99 years. The celebration of the merger of one of the worlds outstanding examples of capitalism with a major communist nation was watched by the entire world. Since the transition, Hong Kong, which had one of the highest GNPs per capita in the world, continues to maintain their official languages of English and the Cantonese dialect. The dollar continues to be in use but it no longer bears the portrait of Queen Elizabeth. A provisional legislature has been installed in Hong Kong and they have imposed limits on opposition activities and have reduced the proportion of the population eligible to vote. Hopefully, additional change wont be too significant for the people. China is attempting to foray into the Pacific Rim with Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas which have special incentives for international investors. These areas are scattered along Chinas coast and now Hong Kong is one of these zones which also includes Chinas largest city, Shanghai. APEC The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization is composed of 18 Pacific Rim countries. They are responsible for the production of about 80% of the worlds computer and high tech components. The countries of the organization, which has a small administrative headquarters,  include Brunei,  Canada,  Chile,  China,  Indonesia,  Japan, Malaysia,  Mexico,  New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,  Philippines, Singapore,  South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the  United States. APEC was formed in 1989 to promote free trade and economic integration of the member nations. The heads of state of the member nations met in 1993 and in 1996 while trade officials have annual meetings. From Chile to Canada and Korea to Australia, the Pacific Rim is definitely a region to watch as barriers between the countries are loosened and population grows not only in Asia but also along the Pacific coast of the Americas. The interdependency is likely to increase but can all of the countries win?

Lakes in Kenya Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lakes in Kenya - Research Paper Example Indeed lakes are important geographical features that are formed through certain processes. A lake is defined by Chave (2001) as a body of inland standing water while oxford dictionaries (2013) defines them as huge masses of water surrounded by dry land. Kenya is a country in Africa that that has several lakes and they are Baringo, Bogoria, Chala, Chew Bahir, Elementaita, Jipe, Kamnarock, Logipi, Magadi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Turkana and Victoria. This paper is going to look at three lakes in Kenya which are Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru and Lake Victoria, their formation, properties, and their economic benefits. Lakes can either be natural or artificial and Chave (2001) says that natural lakes are a result of natural processes while artificial lakes are constructed by man for various purposes such as hydropower generation. The lakes discussed here are natural lakes which have an ecosystem. Lake Bogoria This is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya and is amongst what some are calling Rif t Valley lakes. These lakes are small, shallow and occupy slightly sloping depressions on the Rift Valley floor (Crafter, 1992). The lake has a length of 21.13 miles and a width of 2.175 it lays north of the equator and it is an alkaline lake. The lake is a tourist attraction site because of its soda water that attracts flamingoes. Another major tourist attraction in Lake Bogoria is the hot water geyser, and steams that are bubbling hot. Geysers are violent gushes of water from under the surface and can get to a height of between 30-60 metres. These geysers are a result of hydrological activities underground. In areas experiencing volcanic activity, water may be heated underground and through fissures get to the surface in form of jets of hot water (McLeish, 1992).It is common sight to see visitors boil eggs in the hot water. Apart from flamingoes there are fish eagles. There are also other wild animals such as gazelles, Kudu, Zebra and Baboons (Magicalkenya .com 2013). Lake Baringo -hot springs (courtesy of Kenyaphotos.wordpress.com) Lake Nakuru This lake which is 1754 m above sea level is found on the Rift Valley and it very popular with tourists to Kenya because of the large of flamingoes it hosts. The lake is in Nakuru County and it is within Lake Nakuru national park. According to magicalkenya.com this is also a soda lake which is alkaline. An alkaline lake is that whose water has a ph of 7 and above. Therefore certain animal and plant species thrive in them while others do not. Living within the park are wild animals such as both black and white rhinos, warthogs, waterbuck, zebra, buffalo and the endangered Rothschild giraffe amongst others. The lake resulted from tensional forces on rocks leading to formation of normal faults secondary faulting followed leading to more subsidence and formation of a hollow that is filled with water (Opati, 2007). This process is characteristic of other rift valley lakes. The park is a source of revenue for the Nakuru Coun ty and a source of employment to many residents. Lake Nakuru if fed by only one river known as river Njoro (inlet) and it does not have an outlet and this is the reason as to why it does not have fish. Lake Nakuru (Picture courtesy of tripadvisor.com) Lake Victoria This is a huge lake whose size is 67,493 sq kms and it is shared by three countries which are Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. According to WorldAtlas (2013), Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the largest tropical lake in the world. Importantly, it is the second largest fresh water lake in the world after Lake Superior in America.Its water flows down the Nile River into Egypt. It was the explorer John Hanning Speke who discovered Lake Victoria as the source of river Nile. McClanahan (1996) says

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Media - Essay Example ty and wearable technology has had profound implications on communication, interpersonal interactions, security and privacy and healthcare services provisions. One of the key significance of the mobility and wearable technology has been the facilitation of communication and interpersonal interaction (Ling, 2008).The extent of interpersonal interaction and communication is no-longer dependent on the physical proximity between parties. Wearable and mobile technologies have led to real time flow of information and data through the internet and social platforms such as face books. Subsequently, this phenomenon has transformed information technology into the most vital resources of our time. Socially, mobile technologies have further accelerated the globalization of the entire universe. Information can be shared by everyone on the globe through the internet. Furthermore, the social context of the wearable and mobile technology has been extended to nontraditional spheres of information technology such as provisions of healthcare services especially in the management of chronic disease such as mHealth services. Wearable technologies have proved e ffective in the management of diabetes through transmission of alerts and medical feedback to doctors. Similarly, users of wearable of technologies have been primarily driven by digital devices empowering abilities. By wearing them, users are frequently encouraged to check their fitness status, interact more with friends and strangers and triggering of social changes. Culturally, the mobile and wearable technologies have had significant impact on users’ lifestyles trends. Foremost, wearable technologies such a Google Glass has been inherently integrated into dressing fashion of its users through their design into cloths and accessories. Also, mobile device and smart phones have become a necessity even for communities in the developing world with the invention of Mpesa for mobile money transfer in Kenya. Interactive

Law, Social and Ethical Responsibilities in Business Essay

Law, Social and Ethical Responsibilities in Business - Essay Example As we continued walking, we met a friend of ours. We asked him if he saw our POI and he informed us that he was in church. We went to the church which was some distance away from school. As we went our way and crossed the busy street, an idea came up in the mind of Y. She suggested that a message be sent to the Supreme Student Council (SSC) informing them that we were hit by a car while crossing the street. The idea hatched and we hoped we could enjoy the joke. After that, I dropped the phone in my pocket, making-believe that something has happened to the three of us. The mobile phone in my pocket kept ringing and ringing but I didn't notice it because we were so engaged in laughing while walking, imagining how the Supreme Student council would be rattled. Then I noticed the phone ringing, but before I could answer, I composed myself that I may act as though I were really scared. In my conversation with the caller, I noticed that his voice was nervous and I continued acting, like crying at the same time talking in a confused manner, telling him where we were. I laughed a little in between my sobs but he didn't notice. So, perfect! We did it! They ran barefoot to our place: the senators, our PIO, our Internal Affairs Officer. Shockingly, Prof. F, who was tabulating the game results, was disturbed by the news that he heard and hurriedly moved to keep away his things. In the process, he hurriedly closed his laptop computer which eventually fell hard on the cement floor. Meanwhile, we got ready for we were sure they would be looking for us. While on our way, our Vice President got his phone and began calling Dr. Jane, our Faculty Adviser. She was very busy printing the certificates for winners that time, but alarmed by the news, she began calling someone near the supposed accident site to contact an ambulance, but to no avail. There was misinformation between the SSC Officers. I already told one of the officers that my two companions were in an ambulance but he failed to tell the VP. One fellow senator continued running, but while he was on his way, he noticed why there were none among the people looking alarmed and no ambulance was in sight as I had told him. When he came to where we were, he was very angry and he felt betrayed as he saw us walking and laughing without the wounds I had reported. He threatened to kick us out of the Council, where he initiated a Council Resolution afterwards for our expulsion from the Council. After the other officers came to know that we were only joking, they got very angry and our VP told us that we had to explain to our Adviser, Dr. Jane, and the tabulator why we did what we did. Although earlier, the whole thing was nothing to Dr. Jane but child play, she began to see the whole thing in a different light when Prof. F, the tabulator, began to pester her for payment of the fallen laptop at $740 on account of the mischief of the students. The new laptop was on memorandum receipt (MR) issued to him by the State University and he wouldn't be able to be cleared of obligations by the end of the semester when he asks for clearance. The question is who is responsible for paying for

Corporate governance Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate governance - Literature review Example A comparison of different perspectives will also be discussed in this paper. Corporate Governance, in broader terms, can be defined as regulations, legislation and the procedures, which govern, standardize and control the whole business operations. Corporate Governance encompasses internal elements, such as managers, executives, shareholders, or organizational structure, and the external elements, such as customers, suppliers and government laws. The purpose of defining the corporate governance is to generate the well-organized and prescribed structure of the organization in a way that operates in the best manner for all organizational members. It guarantees that the corporation has implemented the prescribed rules, moral duties, and best practices. That is why, organizations have developed their operations effectively at local level, state level, and also global level. Within contemporary years, the concept of corporate governance has been attending much focus, as there has emerged eminent outrages, such as misuse of corporate authority and purported illega l actions taken by corporate managers. The establishment of â€Å"civil and criminal suits†, against the people who misuse the name of the corporation to fulfill their illegal interests, is a vital part of corporate governance (Rouse, 2008). Corporate Governance is basically the established structures, codes, and procedures, which controls the corporations. It establishes guiding principles which help in providing direction and managing the organization in order to achieve organizational objectives in the most effective way. Such established systems enhance the organizational value and are fruitful for all members in the long run. Organizational members include all stakeholders which are affected by such system, such as directors, stockholders, suppliers, managers, employees, and general people. The organizational management undertakes themselves

Examining Representation Of Suburbs And Model Dwelling Essay

Examining Representation Of Suburbs And Model Dwelling - Essay Example The house is well fenced with a stone field. The painting shows that Pissarro had visited Bedford Park during the summer in 1987. First, mansion displayed on the other side of Lucien’s house is a modern building with special features. For instance, the entire building is made up of three buildings that are joined together. This design reveals that there is technological development in structural designs of model dwellings or mansions. Secondly, mansions or model dwellings in London are well connected by good transport systems like roads. Pissarro's painting "Bed road" displays the presence of a well-developed road passing between model dwellings. The colorful painting of the mansions in the "Bed road" displays the high quality of the building and the wise selection of colors by ancient house designers. In comparison to the recent picture of the Bed road, Bedford Park in 1995, there are similarities in the house design and the colorful painting on the walls. These similarities depict that Pissarro's ideas on his work would come true in the future. In conclusion, the two paintings discussed above reveal that the 19th century and 20th-century artists had unique skills and capabilities of representing different structures in different places using oil paintings. In his two paintings, Camille Pissarro was able to display the ancient structures developed using high technology. Structures like model dwelling in were characterized by colorful paintings and good transport system as displayed by Pissarro's paintwork.

Corporate governance Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate governance - Literature review Example A comparison of different perspectives will also be discussed in this paper. Corporate Governance, in broader terms, can be defined as regulations, legislation and the procedures, which govern, standardize and control the whole business operations. Corporate Governance encompasses internal elements, such as managers, executives, shareholders, or organizational structure, and the external elements, such as customers, suppliers and government laws. The purpose of defining the corporate governance is to generate the well-organized and prescribed structure of the organization in a way that operates in the best manner for all organizational members. It guarantees that the corporation has implemented the prescribed rules, moral duties, and best practices. That is why, organizations have developed their operations effectively at local level, state level, and also global level. Within contemporary years, the concept of corporate governance has been attending much focus, as there has emerged eminent outrages, such as misuse of corporate authority and purported illega l actions taken by corporate managers. The establishment of â€Å"civil and criminal suits†, against the people who misuse the name of the corporation to fulfill their illegal interests, is a vital part of corporate governance (Rouse, 2008). Corporate Governance is basically the established structures, codes, and procedures, which controls the corporations. It establishes guiding principles which help in providing direction and managing the organization in order to achieve organizational objectives in the most effective way. Such established systems enhance the organizational value and are fruitful for all members in the long run. Organizational members include all stakeholders which are affected by such system, such as directors, stockholders, suppliers, managers, employees, and general people. The organizational management undertakes themselves

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Assignment

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Needs - Assignment Example CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Needs Two learning interventions will be chosen for this study, beneficial for accomplishing set goals or objectives. Justification of methods would be provided along with reasons for eradicating other alternatives. Learning intervention design shall also be incorporated in the study that could effectively meet learning and development needs. Learning and development needs are an important component which helps in improving overall organizational performance. Tesco Plc is a multinational general merchandize and grocery retailer having its headquarters in United Kingdom. On the basis of revenue margins, the firm is the second largest retailer across the globe. Tesco has about 6784 retail stores and has an employee base of approximately 500,000. There are some business subsidiaries of Tesco Plc such as Tesco Stores, Tesco Bank, Tesco Mobile, Dobbies Garden Centers, Tesco Ireland, Dunnhumby and Giraffe restaurants. The company has diversified into wide array of geographical regions. Learning and development strategy is adopted by the company and is inclined towards enhancing knowledge base and skills of employees. Training sessions are organized for employees in specific time interval. Employee retention policies are based on career development approach, performance based pay and encouraging team members to contribute their innovative ideas. Performance management policy forms an essential part of organizational functions.

Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Essay Example for Free

Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Essay Spirituality, as defined in this article entitled Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease, is the capacity to rise above life experiences, to celebrate life, and to experience joy. Spirituality is comprised of acceptance, the need for love, mercifulness, and self-fulfillment and it applies to all mankind; on the other hand, being religious is relative to the person’s religious group and its practices (Cooper-Effa, et al. , 2001). They have divided a person’s spiritual well-being into involving a religious component or a relationship with God and an existential component, which involves the individual’s sense of life purpose. It was concluded in this study that those patients with a relatively high existential component were able to cope up more with the pain and the over-all outcome of the disease. It has been known that spirituality can increase the ability to tolerate pain (cited in Landis, 1996). This concept can be applied by getting the patient’s cooperation and trust, and then the nurse will facilitate a talk about spirituality. This will empower the patient to establish his spirituality and the nurse will also be able to develop closer ties with the patient, improving rapport. The nurse can further help the patient by getting him a spiritual counselor, as per patient’s request. By helping the patient strengthen his spirituality, an improvement in the patient’s over-all outlook on the disease, on life, and a probability of lesser pain may take place. Holistic practice in nursing is very important nowadays. As a nurse, there are several skills that should be present to help client’s achievement of spiritual needs. The nurse should be open to all kinds of religion and beliefs, he must try to maintain open minded. He or she should respect these beliefs and religious practices by not questioning the nature of these and by participating in these activities whenever the client wishes the nurse to. Also, nurses cannot let their own beliefs take over them. If there are circumstances wherein the nurse finds that he is unable to accept a client’s belief or practice, then it would be best for the nurse to ask for help from another nurse discreetly. Patience, understanding, and wisdom are needed for a successful patient and nurse interaction. References Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. (2001). Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease. Retrieved February 01, 2008, from http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/405838_1.

Korsgaards Position About Lying To The Murderer

Korsgaards Position About Lying To The Murderer In this paper I will discuss Christine M. Korsgaards position about lying to the murderer at the door in response to Immanuel Kants view regarding the matter. I will then give two objections to her view and explain why I dont find her account to be very persuasive. Then, I will argue why I believe that lying to the murderer at the door is permissible in my opinion. I will start off by explaining Kants view. Kant believes that his moral theory forbids lying under all possible circumstances, even those where there is a murderer at the door wondering if an innocent victim is hiding in your house. After all, if everybody lied, even just to murderers at the door enquiring about the whereabouts of their victims, then the lying could not succeed since no murderer would believe what one says, and therefore lying violates the first form of the Categorical Imperative, which Kant calls the Formula of Universal Law. Similarly, the lie violates the second form of the Categorical Imperative, which Kant names the Formula of Humanity. The lie fails to respect the rationality of the murderer, since by lying we manipulate the murderer into actions directed at our own intensions and ends. Since the liars end is opposed to the end that the murderer has willingly chosen for themselves, the liar fails to treat the murderer with respect and dignity and therefore trea ts the murderer merely as a means to get what they want. Lying even in such an extreme case as the murderer at the door is a Imperfection violation of the Categorical Imperatives according to Kant. Korsgaard goes against Kants assertion that it is wrong to give the murderer at the door the wrong answer arguing that it does not violate the Categorical Imperatives to lie in these circumstances. She further discusses that it is a duty to lie to the murderer at the door and expands on her reasoning. Korsgaard comes up with a two level theory on which the first form of the Categorical Imperative would apply under all circumstances and the second only when one is defending oneself or another against evil. In order to defend Kants first Categorical Imperative, Korsgaard argues that it is in fact permissible from a Kantian point of view to universalize the maxim, or principle that governs action, when lying to the murderer at the door. She argues that the first form of the Categorical Imperative is not violated in the case where the murderer makes a secret of their murderous intensions. She explains that if the murderer at the door does not know that the recipient knows they are murderers, that the murderer will think that the recipient will believe that they are just a friendly neighbor trying to find out where their friend is for example. In other words, she believes you can universalize a maxim in which you respond to evil with an effort to frustrate evil through deception, where the evil person is unaware that you are aware of his plan. The evil person, or murderer, does not realize that you are in the position in which you would use this maxim; therefore you would be able to use th is without frustrating your purpose to successfully get away with your lie. Imperfection In order to defend Kants second Categorical Imperative, which explains that we must respect each others rational nature by always treating others with respect and dignity and never merely as a means, Korsgaard argues that it is permissible to not abide by this formula due to the fact that the murderer is not respecting your rational nature by lying to you in the first place. Korsgaard argues that we are permitted and also have a duty to mutual aid one another and lie to the murderer at the door out of self-defense. She believes that in order to protect yourself you may respond to a lie with a lie. The murderer is not offering you the grounds to consent to his activity with him, so Korsgaard believes that you are not obliged in response to offer transparency. Part of her argument is that you are being lied to, and you have a duty of self-respect, not to allow yourself to be used as a tool for evil. Korsgaard explains that this makes it possible to lie back to the murderer. She also ma kes a point that we must protect one another, especially if the person you are protecting is innocent. Korsgaard also believes this in this case you would not be abusing communication by the lie. Korsgaard relates more with the non-ideal Kantian view versus the ideal Kantian view in which Kant takes. Ideal Kantian theory is how we are permitted and obliged to behave if we lived in a society where we all followed the rules and we were of good will and good faith. This theory explains how flawed and imperfect but good human beings would be required to behave in respect to one another. Non-ideal Kantian theory on the other hand is relevantly different. It explains how we are required to behave when many of us are of good will but Imperfection many of us are also not of good will. Korsgaard relates non-ideal Kantian theory to this case, the murderer is not acting on a good will. She believes that in non-ideal circumstances we have justifications for treating each other in such ways that we wouldnt treat each other in ideal circumstances. Although I think Korsgaard has made some interesting claims, I believe her arguments have not been fully persuasive. My first objection to Korsgaards argument is that I believe she misunderstands how Kantian universalization is supposed to work. Korsgaards account will not defend Kant successfully because it only works under certain circumstances. This is Korsgaards main flaw in her assertion Universalization does not work when the murderer is transparent about their evil intensions. Korsgaards argument only works when the murderer does not know that you know of their intensions. Lying maxims fail to be universalized when both parties know the situations they are in causing a major gap in Korsgaards argument. I believe that regardless of whether you can universalize lying to a murderer, it should almost always be permissible to do so in order to save a life. For example, if you were hiding Ann Frank in your basement and the Nazi Police came to your door and asked you if you were hiding any Jews, you would have to tell the Nazis the truth under Korsgaards universalization claim. The Nazis know that everybody knows of their murderous intentions, so they know that you know that they will kill Ann Frank if you told them where she was hiding, therefore the Nazis will know that you will lie to them in order to save her life. So you will not Imperfection be able to universalize this maxim and get away with lying in this particular situation. This example proves that Korsgaards assertion is in very weak, since it only works under a certain scenario. After discussing this material with my partner, Corine Machalani, we went over some objections that Korsgaard might offer to this assertion. I believe Korsgaard would argue against this claim by stating that in a scenario where the murderer is not trying to deceive, the only thing you could do is refuse to answer his question. This is absolutely ridiculous because I think if you told a murderer that you would be putting your life in danger. By telling someone that you are not going to tell him, you have practically admit that you are hiding something from them. So in the case of the murderer you are admitting that you know the whereabouts of their victim but refuse to tell them. This would be a very dangerous situation that I would altogether try and avoid. When dealing with an evil person such as a murderer, you must protect your life. I believe lying to the murderer at the door is permissible out of self-protection and because it is the morally right thing to do. You know that by hiding Jews in your house you are breaking the law, so in order to protect yourself against the Nazis you should be allowed to lie out of self-defense. Even where the Nazis tell you that if you tell them the truth that you will be rewarded instead of personally prosecuted or injured, I still believe you should lie. You should help one another and to protect an innocent persons life because it is the right thing Imperfection to do. Life is the most precious thing and should be guarded in any way possible, whether your life or another individuals. Although I believe Korsgaard has made a good point regarding the duty to aid an innocent person against evil, I believe some of her reasoning is incorrect. Korsgaards argues that if someone lies to you, you can lie back to them. Korsgaard argues that since the murderer is lying to you about their motives, you may respond to a lie with a lie. I believe this is not a strong argument. A lie is an intentional invitation of trust and a breaking of faith, and the fact that the murderer is lying to you doesnt justify you lying to them back, and it definitely is not a reason that makes lying moral in any way. My reasoning regarding this matter is the eye for an eye argument, I believe two wrongs dont make it right. Just because someone lies to you doesnt make it right to lie back, and if our world operated this way there would be nothing but chaos. I believe when deciding whether lying is right or wrong, it all comes down to the intensions of the parties involved. The Nazis have evil intensions of murdering innocent people for no reason, and you have good intensions of protecting yourself and others. Even though in Germany back in those days it was the law to hand over the Jews, that society was corrupt and flawed. The only time I would argue that it is permissible not to lie to the murderer at the door would be if the person you were hiding in your house were also a murderer. I believe lying is acceptable when saving an innocent life. Korsgaard has not successfully justified in pointing to Kants view of lying Imperfection as a refutation of the Categorical Imperatives. I believe a Kantian needs to bite the bullet and agree that there are some serious flaws in their argument. There are lies that Kantians believe are impermissible even though such lies are actually a duty in my eyes. Korsgaard has not successfully proven that Kants Categorical Imperatives actually work in difficult situations concluding that her argument is not very strong.